La sécurité hydrique, défis de développement et enjeux de stabilité : Etude d’un cas : l’experience algérienne

Abstract

Water security has become a vital issue in the twenty-first century. Two billion people live in countries with severe water shortages, and about four billion people face severe water scarcity at least one month a year, meaning that three out of ten people do not have access to safe drinking water from a safe source. Although the Earth does not lack water, the surface of the planet is covered by 72%. Despite the efforts made by the international community to ensure that people have access to adequate and safe water, (climate change / pollution of water sources), facing the context of scarcity (demographic growth / accelerated urbanization), leads to an imbalance between supply and demand for drinking water due to supply Limited demand in the face of growing demand, which greatly affects the water security of countries. The only element that remains crucial in this equation and that interferes with creating the balance between supply and demand to be part of "sustainability", that is, the ability of countries to respond sustainably to the demand for drinking water to meet current and future needs is the "change in consumption patterns". This great challenge, which must be faced collectively, places water in the rank of the main strategic resource, by returning water security to the rank of issues directly related to the national security of countries. Nine countries share 60% of the world's water resources, 17 are near water scarcity, while another 27 have a "high" risk of water stress. This opens the door to conflicts. The warning comes from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which said that the long-term outlook for food security and water supply in the Middle East and North Africa (Middle East/North Africa) is poor, and it is getting worse due to climate change and food shortages causing more